| Hydropower
Machinery |
| Introduction |
| 1.1 Brief review of
hydropower machines |
| 1.1.1 The eldest
hydropower machines |
| 1.1.2 Turbines
|
| 1.2 Arrangement of hydropower
plants |
| References |
| |
| Energy
Conversion |
| Introduction |
| 2.1 Fundamentals and
definitions |
| 2.2 Transforming hydraulic
energy into mechanical energy |
| 2.2.1 General
considerations |
| 2.2.2 Impulse
turbine - Pelton |
| 2.2.3 Reaction
turbines |
| 2.2.4 The main
equation of turbines |
| 2.3 A brief outline of the
hydraulic design of turbines |
| 2.4 Efficiency |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
|
Classification of Turbines – Main
Characteristics |
| Introduction |
| 3.1 Fundamental similarity
considerations |
| 3.1.1 Similarity
relations |
| 3.1.2 Speed
number |
| 3.1.3
Classification of turbines |
| 3.1.4 Performance
characteristics |
| 3.1.5 Cavitation
and suction head |
| 3.2 Pelton turbines |
| 3.2.1 Main
hydraulic dimensions |
| 3.2.2 Pelton
bucket dimensions |
| 3.2.3 Performance
diagram |
| 3.3 Francis turbines |
| 3.3.1 Main
hydraulic dimensions |
| 3.3.2 Performance
diagrams |
| 3.3.3 Cavitation,
suction head and reaction ratio |
| 3.4 Kaplan turbines |
| 3.4.1 Main
hydraulic dimensions |
| 3.4.2 Performance
diagram |
| 3.4.3 Cavitation,
suction head and reaction ratio |
| 3.5 Choice of turbine |
| 3.5.1 Choice
between Pelton and Francis turbines |
| 3.5.2 Choice
between Francis and Kaplan turbines |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Governing
Principles |
| Introduction |
| 4.1 Feedback control system
|
| 4.2 Governor adjustment
facilities |
| 4.2.1
Proporsjonal-integral-derivative
funtions (PID) |
| 4.2.2 Permanent
speed droop |
| 4.3 Turbine governing demands
|
| 4.3.1 Frequency
and load regulation |
| 4.3.2 Start and
stop sequence control |
| 4.3.3
Disconnection, load rejection |
| 4.3.4 Load
limiting |
| 4.4 Regulation requirements
of water power plants |
| 4.4.1 Mass
oscillation |
| 4.4.2 Water
hammer pressure rise versus closure time
and speed |
| 4.5 Governing stability |
| 4.5.1 Modes of
operation |
| 4.5.2 Rules of
thumb |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Performance
Tests |
| Introduction |
| 5.1 Tests on prototype |
| 5.1.1 Principles
for test |
| 5.1.2 Measurement
of the turbine power |
| 5.1.3 Methods for
determination of discharge |
|
5.1.3.1 Current meter method |
|
5.1.3.2 Pitot tube gauging |
|
5.1.3.3 The pressure-time method (Gibson
method) |
|
5.1.3.4 Tracer methods |
|
5.1.3.5 Ultrasonic method |
|
5.1.3.6 Weirs |
|
5.1.3.7 Standardised differential
pressure devices |
|
5.1.3.8 Volumetric gauging method |
|
5.1.3.9 Relative discharge measurement
|
| 5.1.4
Thermodynamic measurement of flow losses
|
|
5.1.4.1 Measurement of power losses |
|
5.1.4.2 Efficiency and specific energies
|
|
5.1.4.3 Measuring technique |
|
5.1.4.4 Corrections for leakage and
friction |
| 5.1.5 Dynamic
properties of the turbines |
| 5.1.6 Cavitation
behaviour of prototype |
| 5.1.7 Governor
test - Rejection tests |
| 5.2 Model tests and scale
effect of effiency from model to
prototype |
| 5.2.1 Laboratory
qualifications |
| 5.2.2 Model tests
|
| 5.2.3 Scale
effect on efficiency from model to
prototype |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Pelton
Turbines |
| Introduction |
| 6.1 Horizontal Pelton turbine
arrangement |
| 6.2 Vertical Pelton turbine
arrangement |
| 6.3 Main components and their
functions |
| 6.3.1 Runner |
| 6.2.2 The turbine
shaft |
| 6.2.3 Turbine
radial bearing |
| 6.2.4 Bend and
distributor |
| 6.2.5 Straight
flow injector |
| 6.2.6 Deflector
mechanism |
| 6.2.7 Turbine
housing |
| 6.3 Condition control |
| 6.3.1 Turbine
guide bearing |
| 6.3.2 Runner |
| 6.3.3 Main
injector with needle servomotor |
| 6.3.4 Seal ring
in deflector bearing |
| 6.3.5 Filter |
| 6.4 Monitoring instruments
|
| 6.5 Assembly and dismantling
|
| Reference |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Francis
Turbines |
| Introduction |
| 7.1 Horizontal Francis
turbine |
| 7.2 Vertical Francis turbine
|
| 7.3 Main components and their
functions |
| 7.3.1 Scroll
casing |
| 7.3.2 Guide vane
cascade |
| 7.3.3 Turbine
covers |
| 7.3.4 Runner |
| 7.3.5 Turbine
shaft and bearing |
| 7.3.6 Shaft seal
|
| 7.3.7 Regulating
mechanism |
| 7.3.8 Draft tube
|
| 7.4 Drainage and filling
system |
| 7.5 Contition control |
| 7.6 Monitoring instruments
|
| 7.7 Assembly and dismantling
|
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Kaplan
Turbines |
| Introduction |
| 8.1 Kaplan turbine
construction |
| 8.1.1 Arrangement
|
| 8.1.2 Kaplan
turbine construction |
| 8.2 Main components and their
functions |
| 8.2.1 Scroll
casing |
| 8.2.2 The guide
vane cascade |
| 8.2.3 Covers |
| 8.2.4 Runner |
| 8.2.5 Runner
blade servomotor |
| 8.2.6 Regulating
mechanism of the runner blades |
| 8.2.7 Cooperation
of the regulation of the guide vanes and
the runner blades |
| 8.2.8 Runner
chamber |
| 8.2.9 Turbine
shaft |
| 8.2.10 Turbine
bearing |
| 8.2.11 Shaft seal
box |
| 8.2.12 Draft tube
|
| 8.3 Drainage and filling
arrangement |
| 8.4 Condition control |
| 8.4.1 Runner |
| 8.4.2 Runner
chamber |
| 8.4.3 Guide vane
mechanism |
| 8.4.4 Shaft seal
box |
| 8.5 Monitoring instruments
|
| 8.6 Assembly and dismantling
|
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Bulb Turbines
|
| Introduction |
| 9.1 General arrangement |
| 9.2 Main components |
| 9.2.1 Stay cone
|
| 9.2.2 Runner
chamber and draft tube cone |
| 9.2.3 Generator
hatch |
| 9.2.4 Stay shield
|
| 9.2.5 Rotating
parts |
|
9.2.5.1 The runner |
|
9.2.5.2 The turbine shaft |
| 9.2.6 Shaft seal
box |
| 9.2.7 Turbine
shaft bearing |
| 9.2.8 The
feedback mechanism and oil piping |
|
9.2.8.1 The oil transfer unit |
| 9.2.9 The guide
vane mechanism |
| 9.3 Condition control |
| 9.3.1 Runner |
| 9.3.2 Runner
chamber |
| 9.3.3 Guide vane
mechanism |
| 9.3.4 Shaft seal
box |
| 9.3.5 Generally
for Bulb turbines |
| 9.4 Monitoring instruments
|
| 9.5 Assembly and dismantling
|
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Governors
|
| 10.1 Governor system
structure |
| 10.2 Electrohydraulic
controllers |
| 10.2.1 Analogous
controller |
| 10.2.2 Digital
computer based controller |
| 10.3 Servo system |
| 10.3.1 Governor
desk |
| 10.3.2 Main
control servomoter |
| 10.4 Specific turbine
governing equipement |
| 10.4.1 Dual
control of Pelton turbines |
| 10.4.2 By-pass
control for Francis turbines |
|
10.4.2.1 Function and general
arrangement |
|
10.4.2.2 The valve control system |
| 10.4.3 Dual
control of Kaplan/Bulb turbines |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Valves
|
| Introduction |
| 11.1 Spherical valves |
| 11.1.1 Valve
housing and valve rotor |
| 11.1.2 Valve
rotor trunnions and bearings |
| 11.1.3 Seals for
closed valve |
|
11.1.3.1 Main seal |
|
11.1.3.2 Auxilliary seal |
| 11.1.4 Operation
mechanism |
| 11.1.5 Control
system |
| 11.2 Butterfly valves |
| 11.2.1 Valve
housing |
| 11.2.2 Valve disc
|
| 11.2.3 Bearing
|
| 11.2.4 Seal |
| 11.2.5 Operating
mechanism |
| 11.3 Gate valves |
| 11.5 Ring valves |
| 11.6 The bypass valve |
| 11.7 Guidelines for
inspection of valves |
| References |
| Bibliography |
| |
| Auxiliary
Equipment |
| Introduction |
| 12.1 Oil pressure system |
| 12.1.1 System
construction |
| 12.1.2 System
operation |
| 12.2 Air supply system |
| References |
| |
| Forces
transferred to the foundations |
| Introduction |
| 13.1 Horizontal turbines |
| 13.2 Vertical turbines |
| References |
| |
| Causes to
damages |
| Introduction |
| 14.1 Cavitation |
| 14.2 Sand erosion |
| 14.3 Material defects |
| 14.4 Fatigue |
| References |
| |
| Condition
Control |
| Introduction |
| 15.1 Activities for Pelton
turbine |
| 15.2 Activities for Francis
turbines |
| 15.3 Activities for Kaplan
and Bulb turbines |
| References |
| |
| Quality
Assurance (QA) |
| Quality assurance |
| References |